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<title>Vesting Clauses</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vesting Clauses</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="United_States_constitutional_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States constitutional law">United States constitutional law</a>, the <b>Vesting Clauses</b> are three provisions in the <a href="United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> which vest legislative power in <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, executive power in the <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, and judicial power in the <a href="Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">federal courts</a>.

</p><p>President <a href="Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> responded to <a href="Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">his censure</a> in 1834 with a written "solemn protest" in which he interpreted these clauses as expressly creating a <a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> among the three branches of the <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Calabresi_Page_110_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calabresi_Page_110-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="Victoria_F._Nourse" title="Victoria F. Nourse">Victoria F. Nourse</a> has argued that the Vesting Clauses do not create the separation of powers, and it actually arises from the representation and appointment clauses elsewhere in the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Nourse_Page_178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nourse_Page_178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div>

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<th>Vesting Clause

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<th>Article and Section

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<th>Text

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<td><a href="Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative Vesting Clause</a>

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<td><a href="Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_1:_Legislative_power_vested_in_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 1</a>

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<td>All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

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<td><a href="Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive Vesting Clause</a>

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<td><a href="Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_1:_President_and_vice_president" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 1</a>

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<td>The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:[...]

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<td><a href="Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial Vesting Clause</a>

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<td><a href="Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_1:_Federal_courts" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III, Section 1</a>

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<td>The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

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<ul><li><a href="Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">Fusion of powers</a> – Feature of some forms of government</li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a> – Division of a state's government into branches</li>

<li><a href="Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a> – Interpretation of the US Constitution regarding presidential power</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCalabresiYoo2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Steven_Calabresi" title="Steven Calabresi">Calabresi, Steven G.</a>; <a href="Christopher_Yoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Yoo">Yoo, Christopher S.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4sJhrLROSc8C&pg=PA110"><i>The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780300145380</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nourse_Page_178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nourse_Page_178_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNourse2016" class="citation book cs1">Nourse, Victoria F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJcsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA178"><i>Misreading Law, Misreading Democracy</i></a>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 178. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780674971417</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/constpop.html">List of popular names of sections and clauses of the US Constitution</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States256" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li>

<li><a href="Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li>

<li><a href="Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li>

<li><a href="Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li>

<li><a href="Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li>

<li><a href="School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li>

<li><a href="Victims'_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li>

<li><a href="State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li>

<li><a href="Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li>

<li><a href="Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li>

<li><a href="Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li>

<li><a href="Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li>

<li><a href="Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li>

<li><a href="Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li>

<li><a href="Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li>

<li><a href="Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li>

<li><a href="Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li>

<li><a href="Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li>

<li><a href="Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li>

<li><a href="Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li>

<li><a href="Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li>

<li><a href="Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li>

<li><a href="Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li>

<li><a href="Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li>

<li><a href="Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li>

<li><a href="Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li>

<li>Title of Nobility (<a href="Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li>

<li> (<a href="Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li>

<li><a href="War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li>

<li><a href="Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li>

<li><a href="Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li>

<li><a href="Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li>

<li><a href="Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li>

<li><a href="Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li>

<li><a href="Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Read_(American_politician%2C_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Lambert_(writer)" title="William Lambert (writer)">William Lambert</a></li>

<li><a href="Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br>and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a>

<ul><li><a href="Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a></i> (painting)</li>

<li><i><a href="A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a></i> (film)</li>

<li><a href="Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Vesting_Clauses&oldid=1296977405">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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